A recent reproductive crisis has brought renewed interest in the century-old “family problem” (家庭问题) and “women’s problem” (妇女问题). Related issues have not only been debated in the discursive field, but also informed cross-border fields such as social policymaking and the law. Intrigued by questions such as why the state calls for increasing reproductivity have met with lukewarm responses, we will start with a historical overview before discussing some of the ongoing important changes in the family system and women’s roles in Chinese society.